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How Many Animals Are Killed For Food Every Year

Written By Saturday, July 2, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Killing of animals for man food

The Butcher and his Servant (1568), drawn and engraved by Jost Amman

Number of Land Animals Killed for Meat in 2019[i]
Animals Number Killed
Chickens

72,118,779,000

Ducks

3,311,899,000

Pigs

ane,348,541,419

Geese

723,648,000

Turkeys

635,955,000

Rabbits

633,013,000

Sheep

602,319,130

Goats

502,808,495

Cattle

324,518,029

Rodents

lxx,977,000

Pigeons and other birds

46,216,000

Water buffalo

27,692,388

Horses

4,940,693

Camels

2,991,884

Donkeys

one,958,602

Other camelids

967,656

Deers

628,542

Mules

130,804

Animate being slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock. It is estimated that each twelvemonth 80 billion state animals are slaughtered for food.[1] In general, the animals would be killed for nutrient; however, they might also be slaughtered for other reasons such as being diseased and unsuitable for consumption. The slaughter involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove the entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in ane piece. Such dressing can be done by hunters in the field (field dressing of game) or in a butchery. After, the carcass is usually butchered into smaller cuts.

The animals most normally slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo for beefiness and veal, sheep for lamb and mutton, goats for goat meat, pigs for pork, deers for venison, horses for horse meat, poultry (mainly chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese), insects (a commercial species is the firm cricket), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry (fish farming). In 2020, Faunalytics found that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are Mainland china, the The states, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered by far the most in China, followed past the Us, Germany, Espana, Vietnam, and Brazil. Looking at the per centum graph for sheep, we observe again that Cathay slaughtered the most sheep, this fourth dimension followed by Commonwealth of australia and New Zealand. Finally, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the United States (in that lodge).[two]

Modern history [edit]

The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply hitting them with a edgeless instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife.[ citation needed ]

The conventionalities that this was unnecessarily savage and painful to the beast somewhen led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the offset campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician, Benjamin Ward Richardson, who spent many years of his later working life developing more humane methods of slaughter equally a result of attempting to detect and adapt substances capable of producing general or local amazement to salve pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a chamber that could impale animals by gassing them. He too founded the Model Abattoir Gild in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the use of electric electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution.[iii]

The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in the start half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (after the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock.[4] In the early on 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning by many local regime.[five]

The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of the Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat.[5] [vi] Modernistic methods, such as the captive bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the act'southward diction specifically outlawed the poleaxe. The menses was marked by the development of various innovations in butchery technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting.[ citation needed ]

Methods [edit]

Stunning [edit]

Various methods are used to return an animal unconscious during animal slaughter.

Electrical (stunning or slaughtering with electric current known every bit electronarcosis)
This method is used for swine, sheep, calves, cattle, and goats.[ commendation needed ] Current is practical either across the brain or the eye to return the creature unconscious before beingness killed. In industrial slaughterhouses, chickens are killed prior to scalding by beingness passed through an electrified water-bath while shackled.[7]
Gaseous (Carbon dioxide)
This method tin can be used for sheep, calves and swine. The fauna is asphyxiated by the utilize of CO2 gas before being killed. In several countries, COtwo stunning is mainly used on pigs. A number of pigs enter a bedchamber which is then sealed and filled with fourscore% to 90% COii in air. The pigs lose consciousness inside 13 to 30 seconds. Older research produced conflicting results, with some showing pigs tolerated CO2 stunning and others showing they did not.[viii] [9] [10] However, the electric current scientific consensus is that the "inhalation of loftier concentration of carbon dioxide is aversive and can be pitiful to animals."[11] Nitrogen has been used to induce unconsciousness, often in conjunction with CO2. Domestic turkeys are balky to loftier concentrations of COtwo (72% COtwo in air) but non low concentrations (a mixture of 30% COtwo and lx% argon in air with 3% residue oxygen).[12]

Stunning a moo-cow with a captive bolt pistol

A hen being slaughtered in Brazil

Mechanical (Captive bolt pistol)
This method tin exist used for sheep, swine, goats, calves, cattle, horses, mules, and other equines. A captive bolt pistol is practical to the head of the animal to speedily return them unconscious before beingness killed. There are three types of captive bolt pistols, penetrating, non-penetrating and gratuitous bolt. The use of penetrating convict bolts has largely been discontinued in commercial situations to minimize the risk of transmission of disease when parts of the brain enter the bloodstream.[ citation needed ]
Firearm (gunshot/gratis bullet)
This method tin exist used for cattle, calves, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules, and other equines. Information technology is also the standard method for taking down wild game animals such as deer with the intention of consuming their meat. A conventional firearm is used to fire a bullet into the brain or through the heart of the creature to render the animal quickly unconscious (and presumably dead).

Killing [edit]

Video of hen being slaughtered

Exsanguination
The fauna either has its pharynx cut or has a chest stick inserted cutting close to the heart. In both these methods, main veins and/or arteries are cut and allowed to bleed.[13] [14]
Manual
Used on poultry and other animals; different methods are practiced, here are some examples: a) grabbing the bird by the head so snapping its cervix using quick and fast movements b) the bird is put upside down within a metal funnel, and so the head is either quickly cut or hitting using the back end of a machete or pocketknife. c) cattle, sheep and goats are tied then struck multiple times in the head with a sledgehammer until the animal dies or losses consciousness.
Drug administration
Drug administration is used to ensure the animate being is dead.[ citation needed ] Yet, beingness that this method is expensive, fourth dimension-consuming, and renders the animals' bodies toxic and inedible, it is mainly used for animal euthanasia, not as a commercialized slaughter method.

Preslaughter handling [edit]

Inside a truck transporting farm animals to slaughter. Dehydration, injuries, stress, and disease are common during preslaughter transport, and cramped and unhygienic conditions are typical of the process.

Whether animals are humanely stunned before slaughter or not, they can suffer stress while waiting to be killed.[15] A 1996 veterinarian review institute that there are many ways in which animals suffer and dice during the preslaughter period. They include:

  • Aridity: Animals may not exist provided with water at market or during their journey to the slaughterhouse and may arrive dehydrated. The furnishings of astringent aridity include severe thirst, nausea, a hot-dry out trunk, dry tongue, loss of co-ordination and full-bodied urine of a small volume.
  • Emotional stress during ship: The unfamiliarity of being on board a transport truck causes fear in animals, and if they are cooped upward with others who they exercise non know, they may start fighting. The noise and jolting of the truck also causes stress and cows, pigs, horses and birds are at particular risk of suffering from motion sickness.
  • Temperature stress during send: Some animals dice because of the heat that develops in the closely confined conditions on lath the transport truck. During transport, animals are not able to express all the behaviors which ordinarily allow them to go on cool similar seeking shade, wallowing, licking their fur or stretching their wings and legs. During ship the only useful way they can dissipate heat is by panting. In colder climates, the animals tin be exposed to extreme low temperatures, resulting in hypothermia.
  • Torn peel, bruising and injury: Caused by crude handling of animals, such as beating the animals with sticks when they refuse to move frontward or dragging them along the ground when they autumn down. The insults which atomic number 82 to bruising may be painful, and the swelling and inflammation associated with a bruise pb to a longer-lasting pain.
  • Sickness and disease: Farmers vary between countries in their attitude as to which ill and diseased animals can be sent for slaughter. Some take the view that the slaughterhouses are skilful at salvaging what they can from carcasses so most diseased animals are sent in, whereas in other countries farmers capeesh that diseased stock are low grade and their probable low return does not justify sending them in. Sickness and illness are two of the most serious forms of animal suffering and transporting seriously ill animals imposes an additional stress.
  • Fecal soiling: In some countries, especially where animals come off lush pasture, transport is the main period when they option up body surface fecal contamination. The emotional stress associated with transport no dubiety induces defecation and this compounds the trouble.

National laws [edit]

Europe [edit]

A pig existence slaughtered in Italy.

The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European Wedlock, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009.[ citation needed ]

Canada [edit]

In Canada, the treatment and slaughter of nutrient animals is a shared responsibleness of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles live animals. Canadian constabulary requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of nutrient animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with the Meat Inspection Regulations. The CFIA's humane slaughter requirements accept effect when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter institution. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care. The Meat Inspection Regulations define the weather for the humane slaughter of all species of nutrient animals in federally registered establishments. Some of the provisions independent in the regulations include:

  • guidelines and procedures for the proper unloading, holding and move of animals in slaughter facilities
  • requirements for the segregation and handling of ill or injured animals
  • requirements for the humane slaughter of nutrient animals[xvi]

United Kingdom [edit]

Brute slaughter in the Uk is governed under both its own laws and EU law regarding slaughter. The Section for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the main governing trunk responsible for legislation and codes of practise covering animate being slaughter in the U.k..[ citation needed ]

In the UK the methods of slaughter are largely the same as those used in the United states of america with some differences. The use of captive bolt equipment and electric stunning are approved methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption[xiv]- with the use of gas reserved for swine.[17]

Until 2004, it was illegal to slaughter animals in sight of their conspecifics (members of the same species) because it was thought to cause them distress. However, there was a business that moving the animals away from their conspecifics to a unlike identify to be slaughtered would increase the stun-to-kill fourth dimension (fourth dimension betwixt stunning the animal and killing information technology) for the stunned animal, increasing the take chances the fauna would regain consciousness and it was consequently recommended that slaughter in front of conspecifics be permitted alongside a mandatory limit on stun-to-impale time. Legislation was introduced which allowed animals to be slaughtered in sight of their conspecifics just at that place was no legislation for a legal maximum stun-to-kill time. Some critics argue that this resulted in the "worst of both worlds", as it mean that the slaughter methods now caused distress to conspecifics without reliably ensuring the animals were killed before regaining consciousness.[18]

United States [edit]

In the United states, the United States Section of Agriculture (USDA) specifies the canonical methods of livestock slaughter:[19]

Each of these methods is outlined in detail, and the regulations require that inspectors identify operations which cause "undue" "excitement and discomfort" of animals.

In 1958, the law that is enforced today by the USDA Food Safe and Inspection Service (FSIS) was passed as the Humane Slaughter Human action of 1958. This Act requires the proper treatment and humane treatment of all nutrient animals slaughtered in USDA inspected slaughter plants. Information technology does not utilise to chickens or other birds.[20]

4D Meat [edit]

Meat from animals which are expressionless, diseased, disabled or dying (4-D meat) on the arrival at the slaughterhouse is ofttimes salvaged for rendering,[21] and used by a wide range of industries including pet food manufacturers, zoos, greyhound kennels, and mink ranches.[22]

The U.S. Code (Title 21, Chapter 12, Subchapter Ii, § 644) [23] Regulates transactions, transportation, or importation of 4–D animals to forestall use as homo food:

"No person, firm, or corporation engaged in the business of ownership, selling, or transporting in commerce, or importing, dead, dying, disabled, or diseased animals, or whatsoever parts of the carcasses of any animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, shall buy, sell, transport, offering for sale or transportation, or receive for transportation, in commerce, or import, whatsoever expressionless, dying, disabled, or diseased cattle, sheep, swine, goats, horses, mules or other equines, or parts of the carcasses of whatever such animals that died otherwise than by slaughter, unless such transaction, transportation or importation is fabricated in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe to assure that such animals, or the unwholesome parts or products thereof, will be prevented from being used for man food purposes."

The 2004 study to Usa Congress titled "Animal Rendering: Economics and Policy",[24] available in the library of Congressional Research Service, in the 'Introduction' paragraph explains Renderers in the US and Canada convert dead animals and other waste material into sellable products:

"Renderers catechumen dead animals and animal parts that otherwise would crave disposal into a variety of materials, including edible and inedible tallow and lard and proteins such equally meat and os repast (MBM). These materials in turn are exported or sold to domestic manufacturers of a wide range of industrial and consumer appurtenances such as livestock feed and pet food, soaps, pharmaceuticals, lubricants, plastics, personal intendance products, and even crayons."

Although some authors accept constitute wellness issues associated with the consumption of 4D meat by certain species in its raw form,[25] or found it potentially hazardous,[26] FDA considers it fit for animal consumption:

"Pet food consisting of fabric from diseased animals or animals which have died otherwise than by slaughter, which is in violation of 402(a)(v) will not normally be actionable, if it is not otherwise in violation of the law. It will be considered fit for beast consumption." [27]

Religious laws [edit]

Ritual slaughter is the overarching term bookkeeping for various methods of slaughter used by religions around the globe for food production. While keeping religious autonomy, these methods of slaughter, within the U.s., are governed by the Humane Slaughter Act and diverse organized religion-specific laws, most notably, Shechita and Dhabihah.

Jewish law (Shechita) [edit]

Beast slaughter in Judaism falls in accord to the religious constabulary of Shechita. In training, the animal being prepared for slaughter must be considered kosher (fit) before the human activity of slaughter can commence and consumed. The basic law of the Shechita procedure requires the rapid and uninterrupted severance of the major vital organs and vessels. They slit the throat, resulting in a quick drib in claret pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This sharp loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to hurting (a requirement held in high regard past about institutions.)[28]

Islamic law (Dhabihah) [edit]

Animal slaughtering in Islam is in accordance with the Qur'an. To slaughter an animal is to crusade it to pass from a living country to a dead state. For the meat to be lawful (Halal) co-ordinate to Islam, it must come from an brute which is a member of a lawful species and information technology must exist ritually slaughtered, i.due east. according to the Law, or the sole code recognized past the grouping as legitimate. The animal is killed in means like to the Jewish ritual with the throat being slit (dhabh), resulting in a quick drop in claret pressure, restricting blood to the brain. This sharp loss of pressure results in the rapid and irreversible cessation of consciousness and sensibility to pain (a requirement held in high regard by nearly institutions.). The slaughterer must say Bismillah (In the proper noun of Allah/God) before slaughtering the animate being.[29] Blood must be drained out of the carcass.[30]

Sikh customs (Jhatka) [edit]

The practise of Jhatka in Republic of india developed out of the Sikh tradition in accordance with the value of Ahimsa (no harm). Sikhs believe that an fauna should exist slaughtered quickly and with equally niggling pain every bit possible in club to reduce bad Karma that may issue from such a do. In Republic of india today most establishments will provide both Halal and Jhatka options for dishes containing chicken and lamb. Jhakta meat is not widely available outside India. Jhatka meat is also oftentimes considered to be the preferred method of slaughter for Sikhs in India and away.

Effects on livestock workers [edit]

In 2010, Human Rights Watch described slaughterhouse line work in the United states of america as a human rights criminal offense.[31] Slaughterhouses in the United states of america commonly illegally use and exploit underage workers and illegal immigrants.[32] [33] In a report by Oxfam America, butchery workers were observed not being allowed breaks, were oftentimes required to wear diapers, and were paid below minimum wage.[34]

American slaughterhouse workers are three times more probable to suffer serious injury than the average American worker.[35] NPR reports that pig and cattle slaughterhouse workers are nigh seven times more than likely to suffer repetitive strain injuries than boilerplate.[36] The Guardian reports that on average there are two amputations a week involving slaughterhouse workers in the United States.[37] On average, one employee of Tyson Foods, the largest meat producer in America, is injured and amputates a finger or limb per calendar month.[38] The Agency of Investigative Journalism reported that over a period of half dozen years, in the Uk 78 slaughter workers lost fingers, parts of fingers or limbs, more than 800 workers had serious injuries, and at least four,500 had to accept more than three days off later accidents.[39] In a 2018 report in the Italian Journal of Food Condom, slaughter-house workers are instructed to wear ear protectors to protect their hearing from the constant screams of animals beingness killed.[40] A 2004 study in the Periodical of Occupational and Environmental Medicine found that "excess risks were observed for mortality from all causes, all cancers, and lung cancer" in workers employed in the New Zealand meat processing industry.[41]

The worst affair, worse than the physical danger, is the emotional price. If you piece of work in the stick pit [where hogs are killed] for whatsoever period of fourth dimension—that permit'due south [sic] yous kill things but doesn't let you care. You lot may expect a hog in the eye that's walking effectually in the claret pit with yous and think, 'God, that really isn't a bad looking animal.' Y'all may desire to pet it. Pigs down on the impale floor have come to nuzzle me like a puppy. 2 minutes later I had to kill them – shell them to expiry with a pipe. I tin't intendance.

—Gail A. Eisnitz, [42]

The human action of slaughtering animals, or of raising or transporting animals for slaughter, may engender psychological stress or trauma in the people involved.[43] [44] [45] A 2016 study in Organisation indicates, "Regression analyses of data from 10,605 Danish workers across 44 occupations suggest that slaughterhouse workers consistently experience lower physical and psychological well-being along with increased incidences of negative coping behavior."[46] In her thesis submitted to and approved past University of Colorado, Anna Dorovskikh states that slaughterhouse workers are "at risk of Perpetration-Inducted Traumatic Stress, which is a form of posttraumatic stress disorder and results from situations where the concerning subject area suffering from PTSD was a causal participant in creating the traumatic situation."[47] A 2009 study by criminologist Amy Fitzgerald indicates, "slaughterhouse employment increases total abort rates, arrests for violent crimes, arrests for rape, and arrests for other sexual practice offenses in comparison with other industries."[48] Equally authors from the PTSD Journal explain, "These employees are hired to impale animals, such as pigs and cows that are largely gentle creatures. Conveying out this activity requires workers to disconnect from what they are doing and from the creature standing before them. This emotional dissonance can lead to consequences such as domestic violence, social withdrawal, anxiety, drug and alcohol abuse, and PTSD."[49]

Public attitudes [edit]

Even though around 90% of Usa adults regularly consume meat,[50] nigh half of them announced to back up a ban on slaughterhouses: in Sentience Institute'southward 2017 survey on attitudes towards animate being farming with 1,094 U.s.a. adults 49% of them "back up a ban on factory farming, 47% support a ban on slaughterhouses, and 33% support a ban on fauna farming".[51] [52] [53] The 2017 survey was replicated by researchers at the Oklahoma State University, who institute similar result. They besides got 73% of respondents answering "yes" to the question "Were yous aware that slaughterhouses are where livestock are killed and processed into meat, such that, without them, you would non be able to consume meat?".[54] [55]

In the United States, many public protest slaughters were held in the late 1960s and early on 1970s by the National Farmers Arrangement. Protesting depression prices for meat, farmers would kill their own animals in front end of media representatives. The carcasses were wasted and not eaten. However, this effort backfired because it angered television audiences to see animals beingness needlessly and wastefully killed.[56]

Animal welfare [edit]

There has been controversy over whether or non animals should be slaughtered and over the various methods used. Some people believe sentient beings should not exist harmed regardless of the purpose, or that meat product is an insufficient justification for harm.[57]

Religious slaughter laws and practices accept e'er been a discipline of contend, and the certification and labeling of meat products remain to be standardized. Animal welfare concerns are being addressed to ameliorate slaughter practices past providing more training and new regulations. There are differences betwixt conventional and religious slaughter practices, although both have been criticized on grounds of animal welfare. Concerns almost religious slaughter focus on the stress caused during the preparation stages before the slaughtering, pain and distress that may be experienced during and after the neck cut and the worry of a prolonged period of time of lost encephalon role during the points between expiry and preparation if a stunning technique such as electronarcosis is not applied.[58]

See also [edit]

  • Creature sacrifice
  • Carnism
  • Controlled-atmosphere killing
  • Fish slaughter
  • Equus caballus slaughter
  • Ike jime, a Japanese method of slaughtering fish
  • Meat
  • Squealer slaughter
  • Udhiyyah or Qurbani, the sacrifice of a livestock fauna according to Islamic police force

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External links [edit]

  • Canada Agronomical Products Human action R.S., 1985, c. twenty (quaternary Supp.)
  • Humane Slaughter of Livestock Regulations
  • Slovak Sus scrofa Slaughter and Traditional Sausage Making – article in English with detailed pictures of a Slovak family slaughtering a pig in the traditional mode
  • Live Counter Virtually Slaughtered Animals Worldwide

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_slaughter#:~:text=It%20is%20estimated%20that%20each,diseased%20and%20unsuitable%20for%20consumption.

Posted by: grimesmorningard.blogspot.com

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